Less than 2% of total toluene metabolites are excreted in the bile. Toluene is a major component of tobacco smoke and concentrations can vary greatly. It dissolves other substances easily and evaporates quickly into the air. The concentration per cigarette in sidestream smoke is typically higher than in mainstream smoke. Material safety data sheet toluene, acs 6 cerclasara section 3. Effects of acute toluene toxicity on different regions of. Cyp2e1 is involved in the initial step of the principal metabolic pathway for toluene and acetaminophen, and represents a potential site for a competitive metabolic interaction. The products of degradation are less toxic than the product itself. Environmental alert toluenes use is increasing partially because of its popularity as a solvent replacement for benzene. Safety data sheet toluene diisocyanate revision date. Acute highlevel toluene exposure decreases hippocampal neurogenesis in rats.
The topic first aid for toluene toxicity you are seeking is a synonym, or alternative name, or is closely related to the topic first aid for toluene poisoning. Toluene toxicity is a clinical diagnosis, although serum toluene and urine hippuric acid have been described as diagnostic measures. Exposure to toluene may occur from breathing ambient or indoor air affected by such sources. Supplier and substance identification product information product name. The levels of methyl hippuric acid and hippuric acid in urine were assessed, and interviews were performed. Acute toluene intoxicationclinical presentation, management and prognosis. Neuropsychological symptoms among workers exposed to. The airborne concentration of xylene and toluene was evaluated with personal passive badges. Toluene methylbenzene, toluol, phenylmethane is an aromatic hydrocarbon c7 h8 commonly used as an industrial solvent for the manufacturing of paints, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and rubber. A registration number is not available for this substance as the substance. As a recreational drug, toluene is most often inhaled nasally glue sniffing, huffing, and produces acute neurological effects such as euphoria. The hallmarks of toluene intoxication are hypokalemic paralysis and metabolic acidosis.
Toluene, also known as methylbenzene, phenylmethane or toluol is a clear, colorless liquid with a sweet smell. Toluene, also known as methylbenzene, is an organic chemical compound. Toluene 108883 ecotoxicity aquatic and terrestrial, where available. Apr 29, 2019 toluene methylbenzene, toluol, phenylmethane is an aromatic hydrocarbon c7 h8 commonly used as an industrial solvent for the manufacturing of paints, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and rubber. Aug 18, 2015 toluene intoxication due to intentional inhalation is a common admission diagnosis in mexico and it can lead to death. The amount of toluene in mainstream smoke from an unfiltered cigarette was estimated to range from 100 to 200 g with a sidestreammainstream smoke ratio of 1. Pdf developmental toxicity of prenatal exposure to toluene. Advantages of zemasol over xylenetoluenepcbtftbac nov16. Toluene does not cause the severe injury to the bone marrow that is characteristic of benzene poisoning. The acute phase effects of toluene on the brain have been investigated in this study using rabbit brain via histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical methods. Can toxicity be an effective treatment for toluene. Safety and health topics toluene health hazards and.
Zemasol is far less toxic than conventional organic solvent alternatives. Jun 29, 2019 toluene toxicity as a cause of elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis. E41924 february 2006 with 95 reads how we measure reads. Effects of toluene on the central nervous system journal. Ish staining of xylenefree processed tissue blocks was good. Organic solvent toxicity knowledge for medical students. The acute oral toxicity of xylene and toluene is lower than that of zemasol, which indicates that xylene and toluene represent higher acute oral toxicity. In recent decades the organic solvent toluene methylbenzene has emerged as one of the beststudied neurotoxins.
Reagent costs on peloris xylenefree processing were. The central nervous system cns is the primary target organ for toluene toxicity in both humans and animals for acute shortterm and chronic longterm exposures. Effects of toluene on the central nervous system journal of. An overview on common organic solvents and their toxicity. Gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary blocks up to 60 x 55 x 4 mm. Toluene is commonly abused by saturating or soaking a sock or rag with toluenecontianing product, placing it over the nose and mouth, and inhaling to get a sensation of euphoria, buzz, or high. Therefore, awareness should be lent to toluene as a cause in severe hypokalemia. Concordant with pretest hypotheses, after conditioning, the mice showed a significant place preference for the tolueneassociated chamber in the absence of toluene when entry between the two chambers was permitted. Toluene is added to gasoline, used to produce benzene, and used as a solvent.
Acute fish toxicity toluene lc50 96 h rainbow trout 7. Last revised 09232005 the rfd is an estimate of an oral exposure, for a given duration, to the human population including susceptible subgroups that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of adverse health effects over a lifetime. Use a local exhaust ventilation and enclosure, if necessary, to control amount in the air. If swallowed, may be aspirated and cause lung damage. Toluene is also highly flammable and may catch on fire if exposed to heat or flames.
A total of 20 male rabbits were used as control and experimental groups. Toluene safety data sheet according to federal register vol. Other pertinent literature is also presented, but is described in less detail than the key studies. Forensic and hospital specimens, including cns, up to 60 x 55 x 4 mm. Some evidence shows toluene may also alter neuronal response to certain neurotransmitters. Toluene c6h5ch3 or c7h8 cid 1140 structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety. Cyp2e1 seems to be the primary enzyme in the hydroxylation of toluene, accounting for roughly 44% of toluene metabolism. Foetal cns tissue is known to process poorly on rare occasions.
Moreover, nerve growth factor ngf, tumor necrosis factoralpha tnfalpha, dopamine da, and glial fibrillary acidic protein gfap tests were. Toluene is used frequently in many work operations involving paint, metal cleaners, adhesives and other products. Other large blocks, predominantly urological, up to 60 x 55 x 4 mm. Please note that while you can see the list of legislation for free, you will need a subscription to view the actual documentation. Toluene inhalation can lead to a toxic optic neuropathy. Waste must be disposed of in accordance with state and local environmental control regulations. Other hazards not contributing to the classification. An increase in liver and kidney weights at a high dose 450 milligrams per kilogram of bodyweight or mgkgday of toluene and toxicity to those organs at higher doses was observed in an oral exposure rat study.
Acute toluene intoxicationclinical presentation, management and. Pdf acute toluene intoxicationclinical presentation, management. The first four seem to be involved in the hydroxylation of toluene to benzyl alcohol. An mrl is defined as an estimate of daily human exposure to a substance that is likely to be without an. There is evidence that toluene causes not only myelin breakdown but also neural cell death. Most inhaled or ingested toluene is eliminated in urine within 12 hours after exposure. Neuropsychological symptoms among workers exposed to toluene. Many organic solvents have great addictive potential. Sep 26, 2019 the atsdr toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects information for the hazardous substance described here. Longterm and intense exposure to toluene vapors in humans who abuse spray paint and related substances has led to the recognition that toluene has a severe impact on central nervous system myelin. Aspirin and one of the principal downstream metabolites of toluene. Safety data sheet northwest missouri state university. Concordant with pretest hypotheses, after conditioning, the mice showed a significant place preference for the toluene associated chamber in the absence of toluene when entry between the two chambers was permitted.
Toluene and xylene are strong compounds that are used in many household and industrial products. It is safe or dangerous to use toxicity while suffering from toluene. Methylbenzene recommended use laboratory chemicals. Toluene ceiling 300 ppm na osha z2 toluene maximum concentration 500 ppm na osha z2 toluene twa 200 ppm na osha z2 toluene twa 20 ppm na acgih note. Toluene and xylene poisoning can occur when someone swallows these substances, breathes in their fumes, or when these substances touch the skin. The database available for characterization of toluene toxicity is large and. May be irritating to the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. Ring hydroxylation to cresols is a minor pathway in the metabolism of toluene. Pdf acute toluene intoxicationclinical presentation. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs damage. The study analyzed the exposure factors that may lead to neuropsychological symptoms among 92 workers who were exposed to xylene and toluene and 100 workers who were not exposed to the solvents. The atsdr toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects information for the hazardous substance described here. Studies in rats have shown that pcresol is primarily conjugated with glucuronide to produce pcresylglucuronide, though this may not be applicable to humans.
Pdf toluene is one of the most widely abused inhaled drugs due to its. Employers must provide workers training and information. Although kidney toxicity has not been common in cases of occupational toluene exposure, there has been at least one report of renal toxicity following a 40year occupational toluene exposure. Safety data sheet creation date 11jun2009 revision date 17jan2018 revision number 4 1. Uses advised against not for food, drug, pesticide or biocidal product use details of the supplier of the safety data sheet. The mechanism of neural toxicity has not been fully established. The majority of the cresol is excreted unchanged in urine. Gasoline contains 5% to 7% toluene by weighty making toluene a common airborne contaminant in industrialized countries.
The acute neurological symptoms are accompanied by severe metabolic alterations, as well as organ injury and dysfunction. Organic solvent toxicity knowledge for medical students and. Ld 50 assesses toxicity derived from acute exposure, and a higher ld 50 value suggests reduced acute toxicity. Medical neurotoxicity and mechanism of toluene abuse. Toluene safety in the workplace occupational safety and. Acute toluene intoxicationclinical presentation, management. Toluene intoxication due to intentional inhalation is a common admission diagnosis in mexico and it can lead to death. In a study 58 of 15 patients with bilateral optic neuropathy secondary to toluene toxicity, treatment of all patients revealed that 6 patients had improved visual acuities of two or more lines, 3 of whom showed normal p100 peak latency in the pattern. Human studies have, in general, only reported minor changes in. The substance may be toxic to blood, kidneys, the nervous system, liver, brain, central nervous system cns.
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